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Link: walter.bislins.ch/bloge/?page=Knowledge+Database&qs=Measurement&mask=3

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Measurement of Newton’s Constant Using a Torsion Balance with Angular Acceleration Feedback

⇒ arxiv.org

#133 | 10/29/2018 | Author: Jens H. Gundlach, Stephen M. Merkowitz | Type: PDF | Keywords: Measuring, Gravity, Torsion Balance, Cavendish

We measured Newton’s gravitational constant G using a new torsion balance method. Our technique greatly reduces several sources of uncertainty compared to previous measurements: (1) it is insensitive to anelastic torsion fiber properties; (2) a flat plate pendulum minimizes the sensitivity due to the pendulum density distribution; (3) continuous attractor rotation reduces background noise.

We obtained

  • G = (6.674215 ± 0.000092) × 10−11 m3/kg/s2
  • Earth’s mass M⊕ = (5.972245 ± 0.000082) × 1024 kg
  • Sun’s mass M⊙ = (1.988435 ± 0.000027) × 1030 kg.

Measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G

⇒ aip.scitation.org

#132 | 11/30/2017 | Author: C. Rothleitner, S. Schlamminger | Type: PDF | Keywords: Measuring, Gravity, Methods, List, Cavendish

Over the past three decades, more than a dozen precision measurements of this constant have been performed. In this article, various methods to measure G are discussed. A narrative arc from the historical beginnings of the different methods to their modern implementation is given. Finally, the article ends with a brief overview of the current state of the art and an outlook.

Measurement of the Gravitational Constant G (PDF) by W. Kündig, R. E. Pixley, St. Schlamminger and U. Straumann
The gravitational force of two stainless steel tanks filled with 13521 kg mercury on two 1.1 kg test masses has been measured using a commercial mass comparator.

Researchers use new method to calculate gravitational constant by Bob Yirka, Phys.org
The researchers measured the attraction between a cloud of cold rubidium atoms and tungsten weights.

Gravity by MCToon
A collection of papers and links about gravity and how it is measured

See also:
Cavendish Experiment
Measurement of Newton’s Constant Using a Torsion Balance with Angular Acceleration Feedback

Measuring Earth's Rotation with a Compton generator

⇒ en.wikipedia.org

#75 | Author: Wikipedia | Type: Website | Keywords: Measuring, Earth's Rotation

A Compton generator or Compton tube is an apparatus for experiment to demonstrate the Earth's rotation, similar to the Foucault pendulum and to gyroscope devices.

Measuring Gravity With GRACE

⇒ www.nasa.gov

#102 | Author: NASA | Type: Website | Keywords: Gravity, GRACE, Satellites, Geoid

GRACE, short for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, is a NASA mission consisting of twin satellites that were launched in 2002. The satellites are in the same orbit around Earth, one about 220 kilometers (137 miles) in front of the other at an altitude of 460 kilometers (286 miles) above the Earth's surface. Together, they measure Earth's gravity field with a precision greater than any previous instrument.

Earth's diverse topography includes mountains, valleys, underground caverns, oceans and glaciers. Since gravity is directly related to mass, and different surface features contain more or less mass than others, slight variations in gravity exist across the surface of the planet.

Measuring Gravity with Gravimeter

⇒ en.wikipedia.org

#104 | Author: Wikipedia | Type: Website | Keywords: Gravity, Gravimeter, Measuring, Accelerometer

A gravimeter is an instrument used to measure gravitational acceleration. Every mass has an associated gravitational potential. The gradient of this potential is a force. A gravimeter measures this gravitational force.

The earth's vertical gravity varies from place to place over the surface of the Earth by about ±0.5%. It varies by about ±1000 nm/s2 (nanometers per second squared) at any location because of the changing positions of the sun and moon relative to the earth.

Though similar in design to other accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive. Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.

Measuring Refraction using Dispersometry, Scintillometry and Image Analysis

⇒ www.semanticscholar.org

#66 | 9/28/2000 | Author: Böckem, Flach, Weiss, Hennes | Type: PDF | Keywords: Measuring, Refraction, Dispersometry, Scintillometry, Image Analysis

Refraction Influence Analysis and Investigations on Automated Elimination of Refraction Effects on Geodetic Measurements

Modules are envisaged, which are implemented in typical geodetic instruments as tacheometers or laser trackers. At present, we work on two different approaches. One approach bases on the additional information included in the stochastic properties of a light beam, which propagates through a turbulent medium using the effect, that the turbulence quantities are related to the refractive index gradient. In section 3, two measuring methods following this approach are introduced. The other approach bases on the dispersion effect to exclude the density dependence of the refractive index widely (see section 4).

See also: Simulation of Atmospheric Refraction and Monitoring of the refraction coefficient in the lower atmosphere using a controlled setup of simultaneous reciprocal vertical angle measurements

Measuring the Distance to a Star

⇒ www.youtube.com

#164 | 6/11/2020 | Author: Astronomy Live | Type: Youtube | Keywords: Measuring, Distance, Star, New Horizon Spacecraft, NASA, Parallax, Wolf 359

The New Horizons Parallax Program

This spring, New Horizons was more than 46 times farther from the Sun than the Earth. At this great distance, from New Horizons' view, the nearest stars appear to have shifted in position relative to more distant stars, compared to where we see them from Earth. On April 22 and 23, 2020, New Horizons gathered images of two of the nearest stars, Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359, to demonstrate this effect. The shift in position of closer stars is known as "stellar parallax," and allows astronomers to measure distances to nearby stars.

Astronomy Live shows how he has taken images of Wolf 359 star with his telescope and using the image from the New Horizon spacecraft he was able to calculate the distance of the star.

Measuring the irregularities of the Earth's rotation

⇒ www.iers.org

The variability of the earth-rotation vector relative to the body of the planet or in inertial space is caused by the gravitational torque exerted by the Moon, Sun and planets, displacements of matter in different parts of the planet and other excitation mechanisms. The observed oscillations can be interpreted in terms of mantle elasticity, earth flattening, structure and properties of the core-mantle boundary, rheology of the core, underground water, oceanic variability, and atmospheric variability on time scales of weather or climate. The understanding of the coupling between the various layers of our planet is also a key aspect of this research.

International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service
The primary objectives of the IERS are to serve the astronomical, geodetic and geophysical communities by providing data and standards related to Earth rotation and reference frames.

Measuring the Rotation of the Earth

⇒ mctoon.net

Peer-reviewed publications measuring the rotation of the earth:

  1. Optical Ring Laser Gyroscopes
  2. Measurements not based on optical gyroscopes

Real-Time Measurements of Earth’s Spin and Tilt

⇒ physics.aps.org

#179 | 7/17/2020 | Author: Ulrich Schreiber | Type: Website | Keywords: Ring Laser Gyro, Earth's Rotation, Measuring, GPS

An array of ring lasers provides the first continuous measurement of Earth’s motion from a single location.

Earth’s rotational velocity and axis orientation experience constant fluctuations caused by changes in the planet’s interior, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere. Researchers now report the first continuous measurements of these miniscule fluctuations, using an arrangement of four laser gyroscopes buried underground in Germany. Data from this new facility will be important for maintaining up-to-the-moment accuracy for GPS-based navigation.

See also How to Detect the Chandler and the Annual wobble of the Earth with a Large Ring Laser Gyroscope by K. U. Schreiber, T. Klügel, J.-P. R. Wells, R. B. Hurst and A. Gebauer, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodaesie

 

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